VCAM1 and cancer: “Active targeting” mainly refers to NPs linked with tumor-targeting moieties like specific ligands (adenosine receptors, transferrin receptors (TfR), EGFR, folate receptors (FR), integrins, chlorotoxin, somatostatin receptors, and cytokeratin), antibodies (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) antibody and anti-EGFR antibody), and carbohydrates (glucose, mannan, and cellulose) for cancer targeting (Table 2) (Ahmad et al., 2019).