TNF and Alzheimer disease: Previous research has also highlighted that TREM2R47H mutation significantly reduces Aβ binding and exacerbates Aβ deposition in the brain [63], while TREM2H157Y mutation induces M1-type microglia, increases the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, and exacerbates AD pathology by decreasing membrane TREM2 levels [64].