INSR and cancer: Interestingly, there are critical pathways linking Diabetes and cancer: (1) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, (2) INSR signaling cascade (KEGG), (3) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, (4) PI3K cascade, (5) phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and (6) apoptosis [94].