ICB therapy has emerged as a viable and promising treatment for cancer by enhancing the function of T lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1), various types of cancer patients benefited40,50. Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.