Other possibilities by which the A allele could improve FG or reduce type 2 diabetes mellitus risk include, but are not limited to, reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis, improving non-insulin mediated glucose disposal (i.e., by muscle), reducing carbohydrate absorption, enhancing glycosuria, etc. Additional studies in humans and/or preclinical models are required to further characterize the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.