GDF-15 has been applied as a biomarker for predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular events (Adela and Banerjee, 2015; Havranek and Marek, 2021; May et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022; Pence, 2022; Xie et al., 2022; Sawalha et al., 2023). Here, GDF15 is linked to cardiovascular disorder.