GDF15 and heart failure: For instance, GDF-15 is upregulated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to non-CAD controls, yielding a diagnostic value with an AUC of 0.9 for CAD (Hassanzadeh Daloee et al., 2021); moreover, GDF-15 is greater in heart failure patients with ischemic heart disease than in controls without ischemic heart disease (Elsewify et al., 2022).