GDF15 and acute coronary syndrome: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a stress-responsive cytokine in the transforming growth factor (TGF) family, can regulate myocardial injury, the overloading status of cardiac pressure, and inflammatory infiltration (Adela and Banerjee, 2015; Pence, 2022); moreover, GDF-15 is correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure (Havranek and Marek, 2021; May et al., 2021; Sawalha et al., 2023) and is capable of predicting the risk of cardiovascular events and death (Li et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2022).