CCN2 and Cholestatic liver disease: Oxidative stress also causes senescence in cholangiocytes and stimulates senescence-related bile ductular reactions, thus causing release of cholangiokines (e.g., TGFβ, connective tissue growth factor) that stimulate fibrosis in cholestatic liver disease (Nakanuma et al., 2015; Carpino et al., 2017; Sato et al., 2019; Cai et al., 2023).