Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as neuropeptides like calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bradykinin, and substance P, contribute to the intense inflammatory response following trauma or injury, ultimately instigating the development of CRPS (60, 61). Here, TAC1 is linked to complex regional pain syndrome.