FOLR1 and neural tube defect: While the preliminary data from the Tsepamo study estimated a relative NTD risk of 0.94% after four newborns presented with NTDs in a group of 426 HIV-seropositive women (Zash et al., 2018), further surveillance studies weakened this initial NTD alert (Zash et al., 2019, 2022), but there is increasing evidence that DTG antagonizes FOLR1 (Cabrera et al., 2019; Tukeman et al., 2023), which would mechanistically explain the NTD cases associated with DTG-based therapies around the time of conception.