Hsp90-CDC37 complex appear to participate in upstream of autophagy activation for the control of protein quality,99 and COPS7A is a protein from the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN) that mediates de-neddylation to regulate the ubiquitin conjugation pathway and is presumed to participate in structural remodeling that plays a crucial part in the developing stages of AF.44 The gene discussed is CDC37; the disease is atrial fibrillation.