Proteins related to both aggresome and proteasome formation were found to be up- or downregulated in our AF samples, including; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PPP1R11 (PPP1R11) up by log2 1.7, tubulin α chain (TUBA4A) up by log2 1.09, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 5 (USP5) up by log2 0.39, probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X (USP9X) up by log2 1.00-fold, tubulin β chain (TUBB2A) down by log2 -1.07-fold (Table 1 and Table S1.2). Here, USP9X is linked to atrial fibrillation.