CD274 and melanoma: Research has shown that curcumin can inhibit the activity of the ubiquitination enzyme CSN5, induce the normal ubiquitination of PD-L1, and further promote its recognition and degradation by proteasomes, thereby inhibiting PD-L1-based immune escape, which is beneficial for the anti-CTLA-4 treatment of TNBC, melanoma, and colon cancer syngeneic mouse models[24].