CD4 and bacterial urinary tract infection: For example, in a murine model of UTI, the addition of TH1-polarizing adjuvants CpG and IL-12 to lysate or FimH-based vaccines significantly promoted TH1 responses and decreased bladder colonization compared to antigen-only vaccines (Figure 4).117 Importantly, the TH2 tissue repair response remained unaffected by these adjuvants.117 Taken together, these new findings suggest that reprograming CD4+ immunity in the bladder through the use of adjuvants may be a promising approach to enhance ExPEC vaccine efficacy.