INS and Hyperkalemia: Patients diagnosed with hyperkalemia had their subsequent management measures within 24 h after enrollment collected by four clinical physicians, primarily including the following interventions: administration of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride to stabilize cardiac membranes, insulin and glucose to facilitate potassium entry into cells, sodium bicarbonate for cases of metabolic acidosis, beta-2 agonists to stimulate potassium uptake, and diuretics to enhance potassium excretion.