CTSD and atherosclerosis: It is characterized by the expression of monokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL3L1 and CCL4L2), inhibitory factors (MIF, IL1RN), enzymatic factors (PI3, SLPI, and CTSD), glycolytic enzymes (ENO1, TPI1), and genes involved in the hypoxic response (GRINA, EGR1, and BNIP3L), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lipid and atherosclerosis (OLR1, PLIN2), reflecting the unique metabolic adaptation in response to the TME (Figs. 3A, S3D, and S3E).