TNF and acute lung injury: As is well known, various serious diseases can cause acute lung injury (ALI), such as sepsis, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ketoacidosis, etc. We believe that NSE, as an essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway (a key isoenzyme of glycolysis), can promote the production of active substrates such as reactive oxygen species, NO, and various inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1 β, INF- γ, TGF- β, and MCP-1 through pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, thus playing a crucial pathogenic role in ALI [30, 31].