Further investigation is needed to elucidate if extracellular 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 co-opt to bind to APN or other surface receptors of recipient cells in the microenvironment, and how EV-delivered 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 transduce relevant signaling pathways in the recipient cells to modulate the tumor microenvironment. The gene discussed is ANPEP; the disease is neoplasm.