The high expression levels of CSF1R and its ligand, CSF-1, have been found to correlate with poor prognosis in many cancer types such as breast carcinoma17–19,24,37, ovarian carcinoma38, lung adenocarcinoma39, gastric adenocarcinoma40, prostate adenocarcinoma41 and leukemia42. The gene discussed is CSF1R; the disease is cancer.