Interestingly, multiple palmitoyl acyltransferases, including ZDHHC3, ZDHHC4, ZDHHC5, ZDHHC6, ZDHHC7, ZDHHC9, ZDHHC13, ZDHHC14, ZDHHC16, ZDHHC18 and ZDHHC20, were significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared to adjacent nontumor tissues (NATs) (Figs. 1E, S1A and S2), which may suggest that palmitoyl acyltransferases play an integral role in pancreatic cancer progression. This evidence concerns the gene ZDHHC3 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.