TNF and Insulin resistance: The insulin resistance induced in the 3D models of mature 3T3-L1 cells (WA-TNF-α spheroids) has been first evidenced by changes in the expression of four adipocyte marker genes (Adipoq, Lep, Pparg, and Lpl), which were downregulated in WA-TNF-α spheroids compared to WA and NDIF.