TNF and major depressive disorder: Moreover, three studies had no significant associations between any of the investigated inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-10, CRP, IL-1β, TNF-α, and ERVWE1) and depression [39,97,101] (Table 1); one of them showing marginal p-values for higher CES-D scores as a predictor for higher levels of IL-6 and TNF- α [101].