Excessive Aβ inhibits the insulin binding ability of InsRs to some extent, and this further exacerbates insulin resistance (Xie et al., 2002) by activating JNK/TNF-α pathways and inducing IRS-1 phosphorylation (Bomfim et al., 2012; Yoon et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.