Mechanistically, because many reports demonstrated the association of SIRT1 (35, 36), NRF2 (37, 38), MAPKs (39, 40), and inflammasome (41) pathways with cellular function altered by oxidative stress, we further verified whether these pathways may also be involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying the T1D rat testicular dysfunction. The gene discussed is SIRT1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.