GDF-15 has a certain correlation with p53 and macrophages, so it is speculated that the high expression of GDF-15 in ULMS may be due to the activation of cancer-related inflammatory process 77, or it may be the target of downstream pathways regulating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and has an impact on cancer proliferation, migration, invasion, etc. 79. Here, GDF15 is linked to cancer.