CXCL12 and neoplasm: CXCL12-induced resistance primarily occurs via activation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, initiating downstream signaling cascades in tumor cells, including Akt, ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways (Figure 5) (Singh et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2020).