IRF3 and colorectal carcinoma: Researchers have noted elevated levels of cGAMP and active interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (118), followed by an increase in type I interferon, which triggers downstream signaling, including JAK1/TYK2-mediated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) on tyrosine residue 701 (Tyr701) to form STAT1-STAT1 homodimers (118).