Furthermore, our recent transcriptomic study performed on the left atrial tissue from patients with or without AF revealed that genes relevant to primary cilia assembly were downregulated (e.g., a number of intraflagellar transport genes) while disassembly genes were upregulated (e.g., NEDD9 and LIMK2) in AF compared to non-AF patients41. This evidence concerns the gene NEDD9 and atrial fibrillation.