VEGFA and neoplasm: Both tumor cells and CAFs secrete vascular endothelial growth factor, which results in the formation of abnormal and dysfunctional tumor vasculature, further exacerbating the tumor microenvironment (TME).[47] Various factors mentioned above, such as inhibitory molecules expressed by tumor cells, ECM altered by CAFs, and abnormal vasculature, induce the desensitization and debilitation of TILs.