The results obtained using the TIMER algorithm showed that ESPL1 upregulation resulted in tumour purity and elevated levels of four types of immune cells (CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells) (ρ > 0, p < 0.05; Fig. 5B), while the opposite was indicated for CD4+ T cells (ρ < 0, p < 0.05; Fig. 5B). This evidence concerns the gene ESPL1 and neoplasm.