ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Reduced serum levels of adiponectin have been reported to be associated with chronic inflammation in various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, where the anti-inflammatory effects of adiponectin have been demonstrated (Fantuzzi, 2008; Achari and Jain, 2017; Choi et al., 2020).