For instance, observations in mice with AD-related genetic mutations (AD mice; e.g., 5xFAD mice, APP/PS1 mice) have demonstrated that early life stress, including social isolation, can expedite cognitive decline (Dong et al., 2004; Jeong et al., 2006; Han et al., 2016, 2017; Nakai et al., 2021). Here, PSEN1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.