APOL1 and kidney disorder: It is critical for future research to address these gaps by modelling integrative risk scores that incorporate locally relevant clinical risk factors that are powerful predictors of kidney disease, multiple kidney phenotypes (eGFRcystatin C, eGFRcreatinine, eGFRcreatinine+cystatin C, albuminuria, blood urea nitrogen), using multi-omics (Eddy et al., 2020), and the impacts of African-specific genetic risk for kidney disease, such as APOL1 high-risk genotypes and sickle cell trait or disease (Naik et al., 2014; Friedman and Pollak, 2016; Brandenburg et al., 2022b).