No significant differences between PWH and healthy donors were observed in the levels of CD4+ T cells before and after the administration of COVID-19 vaccines (Supplementary Figure 5), but the levels of CD8+ T cells in PBMCs from PWH were higher than healthy donors before and after receiving the full vaccination schedule (1.5-fold, p=0.0080 and 1.4-fold, p=0.0298, respectively) (Figure 3A, left graph). Here, CD4 is linked to COVID-19.