BDNF and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: Additionally, EPA and DHA modulated the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway to upregulate the production of BDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and Bcl-2 and reduce the expression of Bax, reversing the effects of CUMS-induced neurotrophic factor deficiency and apoptosis (Peng et al., 2020).