CYCS and immune system disorder: Mitochondrial dysfunction includes decreased proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane, collapsed membrane potential, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Ca2+ loading, loss of cytochrome C, release of apoptotic-cascade inducing factors, and increased DAMPs and ROS, which exacerbates immune dysfunction, inflammation and coagulopathy [49, 54, 73, 79].