Since TNF-α levels are constitutively elevated in aged humans and patients with MDS (Sawanobori et al, 2003; Vasto et al, 2007), the TNF-α-CK2-Hmga2 axis may increase the expression level of HMGA2 and contribute to the progression of MDS HSCs that harbor driver mutations. This evidence concerns the gene HMGA2 and myelodysplastic syndrome.