Since TNF-α was shown to be increased in the BM of human with clonal hematopoiesis and MDS (Cook et al, 2019; Sawanobori et al, 2003; Stifter et al, 2005), and the activation of TNF-α signaling pathways in HSPCs drove the development of MDS (Sallman and List, 2019), we used the 5-FU injection-induced gene signatures identified in Hmga2 KI HSCs (Fig. 3C) to perform GSEA using these datasets of human MDS and AML (Mills et al, 2009; Pellagatti et al, 2010, 2018; Moison et al, 2022). Here, TNF is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.