EPHA2 and cancer: While EPHA2 exhibits modest expression in other normal human tissues, it is prevalent in tumor tissues40,41 and cancer cell lines.42 Moreover, elevated EPHA2 levels are linked with poor prognosis in various cancers.40 This suggests a role of EPHA2 in tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis.40,43 Given that EPHA2 is classified as a type I transmembrane protein with a substantial extracellular domain, it stands as a promising drug target.35 However, the precise mechanisms linking EPHA2 to tumor cells and PSCs remain to be fully elucidated.