TNF and Sepsis: Upon bacterial and viral infection, macrophages undergo M1 differentiation and produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF‐α, NO, and chemokines, leading to tissue damage, and in general, sepsis is associated with increased expression of M1 markers in mouse monocytes.[31, 32] To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CV122 on sepsis, M1 macrophages were monitored by flow cytometry.