HPSE and Sepsis: In this study, based on our previous work about the heparin pentasaccharide fondaparinux[23, 24, 25] and the associated work on synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides,[26, 27] we designed and synthesized small molecule HPA inhibitors through structure modification of fondaparinux and further screened CV122 as one of the most effective inhibitors of HPA in vitro, in cellulo and in vivo, which could protect the vascular endothelial cell glycocalyx and relieve sepsis.