AFP and cancer: For instance, low (more than 40%) AFP positivity rate frequently observed for early liver cancer, and as a result of which the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) (European Association for the Study of the LiverEuropean Organisation For and Research And Treatment Of Cancer, 2012) have excluded AFP as a diagnostic marker for HCC (Bae, 2012; Parra et al., 2023).