TGFB1 and infection: Taken together, our series of studies have demonstrated that Plasmodium infection activates the IFNγ (47) and pSTAT1 (43) signals of the immune system while suppressing the TGFβ and pSTAT3 signals in tumor tissue (49) (and Tao, PhD thesis, 2023), such that the infection stimulates a tit-for-tat and life-or-death war between the immune system and the tumor ecosystem.