Then, as a measure of lung injury, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) derived from injected mice showed a significantly increased level of inflammation cytokines, such as IL-6, interferon (IFN)-β, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), IL-1β, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) compared with those in uninjected controls (Figure 1C), indicating the formation of CRS. Here, TNF is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.