Compared with the blank liposome-treated mice, the CLD-treated mice showed an increased liver injury, as evidenced by the elevated expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., Tnfa, Il6, and Il1b) and the decreased expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine Il10 (Fig. 5A–5D; Supplementary Fig.2, available online). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.