TNF and infection: On day 15 post-infection, theGsdmd−/− mice exhibited an increased bacterial burden in the colon, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen (Fig. 1B), as well as the thickened colon mucosa and increased immune cell infiltration (Fig. 1C), accompanied by elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 (Fig. 1D), compared with the WT mice.