Cytokine adsorption and endotoxin hemoabsorption were studied in two observational studies including patients with septic shock and IL-6 ≥ 1000 ng/l, one study found an increased hazard of death of 1.82 (95% CI, 1.03–3.2) compared to a matched control group [31]; the other compared survivors and non-survivors and concluded that this treatment could be beneficial when applied early after onset of shock [32]. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is septic shock.