TLR4 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Stem cells and their products exert their beneficial effect in NEC by inhibiting TLR4 and other inflammatory pathways,10,18 preserving gut barrier function,12,13,19 promoting epithelial regeneration through paracrine mechanisms,8,10,20 and reducing tissue injury and enterocyte apoptosis.10,21 Reduced NEC incidence and severity and improved survival are among the most important outcomes achieved in preclinical studies.