VEGFA and cholangiocarcinoma: Infiltration of TAM has been associated with disease progression in CCA patients as well due to activation of STAT3, and subsequent tumor proliferation.121Activation of STAT3 also causes the production of immunosuppressive cytokines like TGF-β, IL-17, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), contributing to ICI resistance.122, 123The immunosuppressive properties of TAM and their role in resistance to checkpoint therapy make them a possible target to overcome ICI resistance.124