In terms of future work and perspectives, we suggest that it would be of great interest to further employ in vivo xenograft models (Harford-Wright et al., 2017; Harford-Wright and Gavard, 2018), or use vascularised brain organoid models (Sun et al., 2022) that incorporate the necessary stromal cells in the microenvironment, such as macrophages, to investigate the function of the apelin receptor in GBM and other gliomas. The gene discussed is APLNR; the disease is central nervous system cancer.