In this study, we used a panel of cell markers to assess expression of the apelin signalling axis in the four distinct GSC lineages – NPCs, OPCs, MES, and astrocytes – that have emerged as the key drivers of GBM proliferation, maintenance, invasion, and therapeutic resistance (Patel et al., 2014; Neftel et al., 2019; Couturier et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene APLN and glioblastoma.