CP and cancer: Colon cancer (Cao Y. et al., 2019), gastric precancerous lesions (He et al., 2022), liver cancer (Liu Z. et al., 2022; Li N. et al., 2024), hepatitis (Zeng et al., 2023), and colitis (Li F. et al., 2024) are malignant tumors or inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, and CP plays an important role in preventing and treating these diseases play an important role.