TLR4 and colitis: CPPs, as an important constituent of CP(Luan et al., 2021), were shown to alleviate the symptoms of colitis in an aging mouse model by decreasing the gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and TLR4 gene expression, inhibiting inflammatory responses; increasing SOD, GPX, CAT, and NRF2 gene expression, reducing oxidative damage; and enhancing MUC2, Occludin, and ZO-1 gene expression, restoring the intestinal barrier, thereby delaying aging (Zou et al., 2023).