TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Thus, we tested the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in culture supernatants from macrophages, serum and BALF, and the results showed that LAA reduced the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in culture supernatants from S. aureus-induced macrophages and serum and BALF of pneumonia mice (Figure 2).