TNF and periodontitis: Stimulated by dental plaque, inflammatory cytokines (such as [interleukin] IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) and chemokines (such as MCP-5, IL-8, MIP-1α, prostaglandin E2, and NO) are produced in periodontitis lesions.20 These inflammatory mediators can enter the systemic circulation and exert a notable influence on the development of liver diseases, such as NAFLD.11,25,26