TNF and neoplasm: EVs originating from tumor cells are known to carry a range of pro-inflammatory molecules (Fig. 3A), including cytokines such as IL-6, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) [92]; chemokines like CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL2 [93], and growth factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) [94].